This is where you can follow the important socio-economic, geopolitical and security developments, going inside the Republic of Somaliland and Horn of Africa region
Beside
the customs station at the tiny port in the dusty, hell-hot town of Zeila,
Somaliland, two men load a large truck with crates upon crates of Tabasco
sauce. Soon the Tabasco truck will trundle along the sole makeshift road out of
town, until it reaches the pit-stop in Asha Addo, where it will idle alongside
dozens of other freighters funneling goods and wealth into the heart of the country.
It’s
a scene of commerce that might have seemed impossible just a couple of years
ago, when international shippers avoided Somali ports for fear of
rocket-wielding pirates.
A Zeilai import truck.
Naturally,
Zeilai residents deny that locals had anything to do with the stealing of
civilian ships’ booty. They will admit, however – as numerous anti-piracy NGO
posters in the cafes around town attest – that trade has ebbed and the port has
languished in recent years.
Now,
though, as the story goes, the era of piracy in Somali waters is over –
although Somali pirates have struck at ships farther afield, it’s been well
over a year since a hijacking took place in the immediate shipping lanes off
the coast. The decline of the Somali pirates at the hands of an international maritime
coalition, the development of strong anti-piracy sentiments in coastal Somali
communities and the creation of a 600-man, 12-base Somaliland coast guard have
all received bullish coverage.
Yet
while the world processed the story of what happened to Somali piracy, I
wondered what happens to all those hundreds of actual pirates once they've been
apprehended by the authorities.
The interior cell block of the Hargeisa prison
As
it turns out, quite a few of them are making their way – in custody – to
Hargeisa, the capital of Somaliland, although not all of them were captured in
the region. For people operating in fishing dhows with outboard motors, Somali
pirates are able to cover surprisingly large differences and as a result
they’ve been snapped up in over a dozen countries across the Indian Ocean. But
few of those countries had the facilities – much less the inclination – to deal
with the legal headaches related to mass influxes of foreign pirates, leading
to a robust rhetoric advocating the return of Somali pirates to a Somali state
for justice.
Ever
eager to prove its ability, morality and global team spirit, it was mutually
agreed that Somaliland would be a good repository for all Somali-pirate
prisoners, no matter their provenance. The only problem was that such a
relocation was both dangerous and really bad PR, given that the major pirate
prison in the port of Berbera was a circa 19th-century cesspool and – Ministry of Justice officials
readily admit – prone to prison breaks.
“It’s
like the Ambassador Hotel,” jokes Mohamed “Wali” Isa, an official at
Somaliland’s Ministry of Justice who deals with pirate-prisoner transfers. He’s
referring to a swanky Hargeisa hotel frequented by the UN crowd, and as he
makes his gag he shows me pictures of the whitewashed, multi-walled prison
during its construction.
A window in a Hargeisa prison cell
But
it’s not entirely a joke – at least when compared with the Berbera prison. The
new Hargeisa prison has around 200 staffers with international training in
modern prison etiquette, and the prisoners get leisure time and phone access,
soccer programmes, medical facilities and, most importantly, an active focus on
retraining and rehabilitating pirates for re-release into the world.
A
number of pirates caught in Somaliland (although, officials stridently claim,
not Somalilanders themselves) are now located in the prison, but more
importantly it seems to be succeeding in its goal to become a hub for
international cooperation on the piracy issue. Wali gestures to a folder in his
cabinet labelled “Seychelles”, detailing two group transfers from that nation
to Somaliland over the past couple of years. A third group was expected at the start
of the year, but construction of the new prison that is meant to house them is
on hold.
Taking
in the prisoners everyone else sees as a headache (and reportedly treating them
relatively well) has been good political business for Somaliland. Wali stresses
that a significant part of the prominence and care in prison reform and piracy
law is the recognition of Somaliland’s responsibilities for the security of its
waters and the incentive to maintain open trade routes.
However,
he admits that the implicit political message sent by Seychelles’ cooperation
with the Somaliland government is a nice perk too. He characterizes the deal
with Seychelles as a form of de facto recognition for the nation’s independence
– all the more important now that international attention is being drawn toward
a new government in Mogadishu to the south. Cooperation on piracy has also led
to the first official meetings between the presidents of Somaliland and Somalia
in over a decade, and contracts between the UN and Somaliland treating the
latter as an autonomous entity (although not as a sovereign nation state).
Given that most mainstream political rhetoric and strategy in the nation – the
answer to every ailment – is “achieve recognition,” there’s been a strong
incentive to make real and full efforts at what might otherwise be empty goals
of quality, training and rehabilitation.
Prisoners at Hargeisa prison.
The
skills training and educational programs Wali mentions are probably something
most Somalilanders would clamour to get access to. Aside from classes in
English, computer training and math, there are practical courses in brick
making, welding, painting and carpentry – all skills high in demand in a
country with almost no vocational training. In fact, the absence of native
skill in such practical trades has led, despite massive local unemployment, to
recruitment of Ethiopian and Yemeni labourers to fill jobs in cities like
Hargeisa. So one would think this was the ultimate win-win: score international
points, reportedly do a good job at something other governments would botch,
gain a new Somali workforce and effectively integrate pirates (and their new
salaries) into local communities (and economies). The only problem is that,
despite all the time and effort, Wali says the government has no earthly intention
of integrating these pirates here, not into Somaliland society.
A truck stop outside Zeila.
This
resistance to the repatriation of the Hargeisa pirates seems to stem from the
overarching local rhetoric that none (or only one or two) of the Somali pirates
are actually Somalilanders. Just as the legitimate claim that there were no
pirate bases or attacks directly on Somaliland’s coast over the years helped to
bolster the nation’s sense of security, there’s significant national and
rhetorical value in the visible disassociation of Somaliland from any
connection to piracy, save antipirate justice and security.
Although
Wali will reluctantly admit that they don’t really completely know the
true identity of all the prisoners, he insists that all of the pirates
currently in the Hargeisa prison are members of the Hawiye clan from warn-torn
southern Somalia. When the new international darling government in Mogadishu
gets on its feet and builds a prison up to international standards, he says,
they will transfer all of the prisoners there. And even if Mogadishu never
completes its prison, if the new government fails and international cooperation
once again re-centers primarily upon Somaliland and neighbouring Puntland in
the north, Wali maintains that they will deport the prisoners to the south
after their terms are complete.
The
inevitability of the transfer south makes the whole venture feel a little
hollow. To Wali, the value of the rehabilitation seems to lie in the image of
competence, international cooperation and compliance it projects, not to
mention, he says, that it keeps the prisoners’ active and limits their time to
plan escapes (Shawshank adventures appear to have been quite common in
the older prisons). But the part of the plan that deals with the actual value
of that training beyond the cell walls, the integration of pirates as
rehabilitated citizens, and their potential to become valuable members of a
local economy, has become a buck to be passed along the line to another
government. At best, if the government in Mogadishu stabilises, then Somaliland
lends its southern neighbour a hale and healthy influx of workers while
steadily taking on the task of rehabilitating pirates from a grateful and
overburdened Indian Ocean community. At the worst, they reintroduce ex-pirates
to war and chaos, it all goes to pot, and they falter, recidivate, or worse.
But for now the best we can say is we know where the pirates are washing up and
what they’re up to now.
Warar
isa soo taraya oo ka soo baxaya qaabkii Qunsuliyadda Itoobiya ku leedahay
Hargeysa ayaa sheegaya in ay sadexdii maalmood ee u danbeeyay ay bilowday in ay
Fiisayaal ku bixiso baasaaboorka E-passport-ka Somaliya kaasoo aanay hore u
bixin jirin.
Sadexdii
Maalmood ee u danbeeyay waxa Xarunta Qunsuliyadda Itoobiya ku leedahay hargeysa
buux dhaafiyay dad sita Baasaaboorkaasi sida ay waaheen u xaqiijiyeen ilo
wareedyo u dhuun daloolay dhaqdhaqaaqa Dadkaasi, waxaanay ku sababeeyeen
ogolaanshaha ay Qunsuliyaddu ogolaatay in ay Baasaaboorka Somaliya Fiise ka
siiso Hargeysa.
Ilo
wareedyaddu waxa ay ku sababeeyeen Ogolaanshaha Qunsuliyadda Hargeysa ay ku
bixinayso Fiisaha baasaaboor Somaliga Qunsulkii Itoobiya u fadhiyay Maamul
Goboleedka Puntland oo u soo wareegay hargeysa, kaasoo ku bixinaya Hargeysa
gudaheeda Fiisayaasha Passport-ka Somaliya.
Bixinta
ay Qunsuliyaddu Fiisayaasha ku siinayso Passport-ka Somaliya ayaa u muuqda inuu
ka dhex abuuray Qunsuliyadda iyo Xafiiska Laanta Socdaalka Somaliland dareen ah
in ay Somaliland diidan tahay talaabadan cusub, waxaanay warar dheeraad ah oo
Waaheen helaysaa sheegayaan in ay Cabsi wayn ka qabaan in Amaanku wiiqmo
maadaama aanay Somaliland ogolayn Passport-ka Somaliya ee E-passport-ka.
Ma
jiro war cad oo labada dhinac ka soo baxay oo ay Qunsuliyadduna ku ogolaatay
ama ku sharaxday Nidaamka cusub ee ay ku bixinayso Fiisayaashan Passport-ka
Somaliya, dhinaca Somaliland-na ilaa hada ma jiro wax talaabo ah oo muuqda oo
ay arintan ka qaaday, hase yeeshee waxa soo baxaya warar tibaaxaya in xafiiska
Socdaalka Somaliland ee Wajaale qab qabtay dad dhinaca Somaliland ka baxayay oo
sitay Baasaabooro Somaliya ah oo Fiisayaal ka qaatay Qunsuliyadda Itoobiya ee
Hargeysa.
Qunsulka
Itoobiya u fadhiya Hargeysa Mr: Berha oo Wargeyska waaheen xalay khadka
Telefoonka kula xidhiidhay ayaa u sheegay inaanay jirin Fiisayaal ay Baasaaboor
Somaliga siinayaan, waxaanu ku dooday Xafiiskoodu kaliya inuu ku kooban yahay
Baasaaboor Somaliland-ka.
Sidoo
kale, wargeyska Waaheen oo saaka booqday Xafiiska Qunsulka ayaa kula kulmay
barxada hore dhalinyaro farabadan iyo Dad kale oo u socdaali lahaa Itoobiya
kuwaas oo ka cabanaya in culays farabadani ka jiro bixintii Fiisayaasha,
waxaanay qaarkood ku doodeen in ay safaaradu soo kordhisay in ay Fiisayaal
siiso baasaaboorka Dawladda Federalka ah ee Somaliya taasoo keentay in dadka Fiisa
doonka ahi bataan.
Mid
ka mid ah dhalinyarada Fiise doonka ah oo aan weydiinay halka uu ka yimi iyo
baasaaboorka uu sito ayaa Waaheen u xaqiijiyay in uu ka yimi Garowe isla
markaana uu sito baasaaboor Somali, waxaanu xusay in safaaradii Garowe arrimo
dhinaca Amniga ah ay Itoobiya usoo xidhay isla markaana ay Ogeysiiyeen Hargeysa
in ay usoo doontaan Fiisayaasha ay ku galayaan Itoobiya.
Somaliland
iyo Itoobiya ayaa si wadajir ah u maarayn jiray hawlaha shaqo ee ay qabanyaan
isla markaana ula socon jiray dhaqdhaqaaqa dhinac xuduudka labada Dal si isku
mid ah taasoo keentay in ay labada Dalba ku qanacsanaayeen ilaalinta iyo
hubinta dadka isaga gudbaya, basle arrintani waxa ay Somaliland ku soo
kordhisay shaki ah in ay ugu soo dhex dhuuman karaan dad aanay aqoon u lahayn
oo xorriyad u hela in ay ka samayn karaan dhaqdhaqaaq dhaawici kara amaanka
labada dal gaar ahaana ka Somaliland oo ka feejigan tabaha iyo Xeeladaha
kooxaha kacdoonada ka wada Mandaqada.
Agaasimaha
Guud ee Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibeda Somaliland oo aanu isku daynay inaanu wax ka
weydiino ayaa ka gaabsaday arrintan, waxaanu ku af-gobaadsaday haddii ay jirto
in ay kala xidhiidhi doonaan Qunsuliyadda isla markaana wax ka qaban doonaan.
Taliyaha
Laanta Socdaalka Somaliland ayaa isna ka gaabsaday inuu macluumaad ka bixiyo
arrintan, waxaanu xusay wali in ay ku jiraan baadhitaan la xidhiidha dhabnimada
Warkan.
The Pentagon’s Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) is the lead
agency in the covert ‘war on terror’ in Somalia, although the CIA also
has a strong regional presence.
The US has been carrying out extensive covert military operations inside Somalia since 2001, as a major six-part investigation by the US Army Times recently revealed.
Elite troops from the Pentagon’s JSOC are routinely deployed on the
ground for surveillance, reconnaissance, and assault and capture
operations. In June 2011, the US began carrying out drone strikes in
Somalia. JSOC has its own fleet of armed Reaper drones, which are flown
from various bases in the region.
The CIA also operates a secret base at Mogadishu airport,
according to a detailed investigation by Jeremy Scahill at The Nation.
Unarmed US surveillance drones also regularly fly from the airport,
according to a well-informed Bureau source. While some of these are part
of the US ‘war on terror’, many provide support for peacekeeping
operations in the region.
The US’s primary target is currently al Shabaab, the militant group
which controls much of the country’s south. On February 9 2012, al Qaeda
leader Ayman al Zawahiri announced that al Shabaab had formally become a franchise of al Qaeda.
In recent years, both Kenya and Ethiopia have
invaded parts of Somalia, the latter allegedly with the military aid of
the US. JSOC forces are reported to have taken advantage of these
events to carry out more intensive operations against militants, often
using helicopters, airstrikes, AC-130 gunships and ‘boots on the
ground’.
Key reports of operations in Somalia The Bureau has collated credible reports of known covert
operations and other events in Somalia relating to the ‘war on terror’.
These are drawn from major international news media and agencies,
political and military memoirs and papers, and academic research. All
sources are transparently presented.
Given the nature of covert operations and the difficulties in
reporting from Somalia, the Bureau understands that this is an
incomplete record. We welcome corrections and additions.
2001 – 2005
2001
In 2001, the Bush administration reportedly considered military strikes
against Somalia, accusing it of having ties to al Qaeda. Action was
abandoned because of insufficient intelligence. ‘Somalia has been a place that has harboured al Qaeda and, to my knowledge, still is’,
then-defence secretary Donald Rumsfeld said in 2001. Military flights
in P-3 aircraft conducted surveillance while an increased numbers of US
ships and submarines patrolled the Somali coastline. Reportedly about
100 US Special Forces operated in the country, similar to early
incursions into Afghanistan. On December 2, 2001, the UK Daily Telegraph
reported that the US had asked the UK for assistance in planning
strikes on ‘terror bases’ in Somalia.
Washington placed Hassan Dahir Aweys (pictured) on
its terrorist list. Aweys was the head of the 90-member shura council of
the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) of Somalia and was viewed as one of its
more radical leaders. The US also declared the suspected terrorist Fazul Abdullah Mohamed was
operating within Somali borders. Sanctions on individuals soon expanded
to groups. On November 7 2001, the US Treasury blocked the assets of
the largest Somali telecommunications and remittance network, al-Barakaat. According to a November 2001 press release by the White House, al-Barakaat offices ‘raise,
manage and distribute funds for al-Qaeda; provide terrorist supporters
with Internet service and secure telephone communications; and arrange
for the shipment of weapons’.
A major investigation by the US Army Times has revealed that in the
first years following the September 11 attacks, there were rumours of
potential al Qaeda training camps in Ras Kamboni, a coastal town about
two miles from the Kenyan border. ‘We were throwing people at Ras Kamboni … in late ‘01, early ‘02,‘
an intelligence source with long experience in the Horn of Africa told
reporter Sean D. Naylor. Looking specifically at JSOC, an intelligence
source told Naylor that ‘between 2001 and 2004, JSOC never had more than three people at a time in Somalia’.
‘Between 2001 and 2004, JSOC never had more than three people at a time in Somalia’ - US intelligence source
March 19 2003
A team possibly including US commandos reportedly snatched alleged al Qaeda member Suleiman Abdallah from a hospital in Mogadishu and transported him out of the country for questioning, according to one claim. ‘Staff
at the Kaysaney Red Cross Hospital said a six-man team in plain clothes
snatched the suspect from his bed and rushed him to an airstrip in a
raid lasting only minutes. It appears that the Americans were working
with a militia faction that controls the area around the hospital in the
north of the city’, the Telegraph reported. The TFG told the Telegraph the US team included ‘4 or 5‘
FBI agents. Matt Bryden, coordinator for the UN monitoring group on
Somalia, and Somalia analyst at the International Crisis Group, wrote in
autumn 2003 that Abdallah was a Yemeni national:
Although intelligence officials have not publicly
disclosed evidence linking Abdallah to any terrorist acts, he was found
to be in possession of a list of former and serving US government
officials, suggesting a planned attack on American targets.
According to legal charity Reprieve Abdallah was captured ‘by a notorious warlord named Mohammed Dheere‘. He was then ‘sold to the CIA and then rendered to Djibouti, Kenya and Afghanistan‘. Abdallah was held by the US for ‘over five years in incommunicado detention in the Salt Pit, the Dark Prison and Bagram Airforce Base‘, before being released in July 2008. The case is documented in a UN secret detention report. In March 2012 a torture victim understood to be Abdallah and referred to as ‘Rashid in the US Annals of Internal Medicine is described as having suffered ‘severe
beatings, prolonged solitary confinement, forced nakedness and
humiliation, sexual assault, being locked naked in a coffin, and forced
to lie naked on a wet mat, naked and handcuffed, and then rolled up into
a wet mat “like a corpse.”’
US special forces infiltrated Somalian waters in 2003 and planted a dozen or more concealed cameras, as part of Operations Cobalt Blue and Poison Scepter,
the Army Times revealed. According to reporter Sean D. Naylor, on
January 12 2004 a fisherman discovered one of the cameras. ‘Asked what the secret camera missions achieved, the intel source with long experience on the Horn answered bluntly: “Nothing”.’
Type of action: Ground operation, surveillance Location: Northern/eastern coast of Somalia Reference:Army Times
2003
Again according to Sean D. Naylor of the Army Times, beginning in 2003 teams of CIA case officers and ‘shooters’ from a special operations unit - Task Force Orange - flew into Somalia from Nairobi. Initially the teams gathered intelligence. ‘They
soon expanded to include working with warlords to hunt al-Qaida
members, tapping cellphones, purchasing [back] anti-aircraft missiles
and, ultimately, developing a deeper understanding of al-Qaida’s East
African franchise and how it fit into the wider al-Qaida network,’
Naylor reported. In an effort to develop targets, the CIA, supported by
TF Orange, ran a series of missions into Mogadishu to ‘seed’ the city
with devices that monitored mobile phone traffic, according to a senior
military official. Mobile phone tapping targets included Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan,
one of the original al-Qaida in East Africa leaders, as well as two
senior figures in Somalia’s al Qaeda-linked al Shabaab militia: Aden Hashi Ayro, who allegedly trained in al Qaeda’s Afghanistan camps, and Ahmed Abdi Godane, the group’s leader from 2009 to 2010, according to the intelligence official.
Late 2003 to early 2004 Interest in Ras Kamboni resumed in late 2003 to early
2004, when US personnel flew over the town but saw no sign of any
training camps. At that time, the US were also paying ‘unilateral
assets’ – spies – to enter southern Somalia, including Ras Kamboni, and
report on what they observed. Paid $1,000 – $2,000 a month, these were ‘Somalis who had businesses in the region, Somalis who had reason to be there,’ the source said. ‘People we could depend on.’ According to the International Crisis Group, key individuals paid by the US for counter-terrorism included ‘Mohamed Omar Habeeb (aka Mohamed Dheere, regional ‘governor’ of the Middle Shabelle), Bashir Raghe (a northern Mogadishu businessman), Mohamed Qanyare Afrah Hussein Aydiid, and Generals Mohamed Nur Galal and Ahmed Hili’ow Addow’. By 2006, the US was paying Somali militants up to $150,000 a month for their support. Location: Ras Kamboni References:Army Times, International Crisis Group, Prendergast & Thomas-Jensen June 2004
One night in June 2004, Mohammed Ali Isse was captured
in a CIA-ordered raid on his Mogadishu safe house by the Americans. A
Somalilander, Isse was reportedly radicalised by the US wars in Iraq and
Afghanistan, and is now serving a life sentence for masterminding the
killings of four foreign aid workers, including two British teachers, in
late 2003 and early 2004. Mohamed Afrah Qanyare, a ‘scar-faced warlord in a business suit’, told the Chicago Tribune: ‘I
captured Isse for the Americans…The Americans contracted us to do
certain things, and we did them. Isse put up resistance so we shot him.
But he survived.’ Legal charity Reprieve told the Bureau that Isse was rendered to a warship off the coast of Djibouti. ‘He was later flown to Camp Lemonier’ the Chicago Tribune reported, ’and
from there to a clandestine prison in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Isse and
his lawyer allege he was detained there for six weeks and tortured by
Ethiopian military intelligence with electric shocks’. Isse was finally returned to Somaliland, where he remains imprisoned. Type of action: Ground operation, rendition Location: Mogadishu References:Chicago Tribune, Reprieve, Amnesty 2001 – 2005
During this period, warlords paid by the CIA helped render ‘seven or eight‘ al-Qaida figures out of Somalia, Sean D. Naylor of the Army Times reported. This included suspected al Qaeda terrorist Suleiman Abdallah from a hospital in Mogadishu in March 2003 and Mohammed Ali Isse,
a Somalilander captured by warlords in Mogadishu in 2004 and rendered
to a warship off the coast of Djibouti, before being imprisoned in
Somaliland. As the Chicago Tribune reported, ‘the Somalis on the CIA payroll engaged in a grim tit-for-tat exchange of kidnappings and assassinations with extremists.’
However, Matt Bryden, coordinator for the UN Monitoring Group on
Somalia and Eritrea, told the Chicago Tribune that, in his opinion, the
CIA’s cooperation with the warlords was ‘a stupid idea… it actually strengthened the hand of the Islamists and helped trigger the crisis we’re in today.‘ Type of action: Ground operation, rendition References:Army Times, Boston College International & Comparative Law Review, Daily Telegraph, Journal of Conflict Studies, Reprieve, UN, Chicago Tribune
2006
June 2006
Confidential emails seen by Africa Confidential and the
Observer indicated that US mercenaries may have been operating in
Somalia with the knowledge of the CIA. There was also a suggestion that
British companies were ‘looking to get involved.’ One email
dated June 16 was from Michele Ballarin, chief executive of Select Armor
– a US military firm based in Virginia. She claimed that she had been
given ‘carte blanche‘ to use three bases in Somalia ‘and the air access to reach them‘. References:Africa Confidential September 8 2006 (paywall), The Observer December 24 2006
Ethiopia invaded Somalia aiming to drive out the Islamic Courts Union,
and to reinstate the Transitional Somali Government. Several sources
reported that Ethiopia received extensive backing from the US, with the
Nation’s Jeremy Scahill calling the invasion ‘a classic [US] proxy war’. As 10,000 troops crossed the border, they received airborne reconnaissance support and ‘other intelligence’
from the US, the Washington Post reported. Pentagon spokesman
Lieutenant Commander Joe Carpenter told USA Today the US and Ethiopian
militaries have ‘a close working relationship’. The US also began diverting drones to Somalia to monitor a perceived rise in militant activity. An intelligence source told the Army Times:
We really took [a] risk in Iraq and Afghanistan and brought resources there [to the Horn].
But Assistant Secretary of State Jendayi Frazer later told the BBC: ‘We urged the Ethiopian military not to go into Somalia’. In a December 6 diplomatic cable quoted by Army Times, US Ambassador to Ethiopia Donald Yamamoto warned the Ethiopian prime minister Meles Zenawi that the invasion could ‘prove more difficult for Ethiopia than many now imagine’. JSOC was unprepared for the invasion, a senior military official told the Army Times. ‘The military wasn’t prepared to take any advantage of it,’ he said. ‘Less than a dozen’
JSOC operators entered the country with Ethiopian special forces to
hunt down a small number of senior al Qaeda associates. By December 28,
Ethiopian forces had entered Mogadishu as militants fled to the south. References:Army Times, Air Force Times, The Nation, Washington Post, BBC, LA Times, IRIN, USA Today, WikiLeaks diplomatic cable
2007
2007 The US became convinced that ‘hundreds‘ of fighters were training in camps in and around Ras Kamboni, a senior intelligence official told Sean D. Naylor. ‘We observed two that had at least 150 personnel per [at any one time],’ the official said. Location: Ras Kamboni Reference: Army Times January 4 2007
Naval forces from Combined Task Force (CTF) 150 were now boarding
vessels off the coast of Somalia to search for terrorist suspects, the
US announced. These ‘Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure’ (VBSS) missions
were performed on fishing boats and oil tankers passing near the Somali
coast. The aim was to ‘deter individuals with links to al-Qaida and other terrorist organizations the use of the sea as a potential escape route’. Location: Off the coast of Somalia Reference:US Department of Defense SOM001 January 7 2007
♦ 9-12 total reported killed ♦ 2+ civilians reported killed including possibly children ♦ 3 reported injured As
Ethiopian forces invaded Somalia, the US carried out its first known
combat operation within Somalia since the September 11 2001 attacks. A
JSOC AC-130 gunship attacked a suspected al Qaeda convoy under cover of
darkness, after tracking it with a Predator drone.
Up to a dozen militants were killed. US officials, speaking
anonymously, named various al Qaeda members as potential targets
including Tariq Abdullah, Aden Hashi Eyro or Ayro, Fazul Abdullah Mohammed, and Sudanese explosives expert Abu Talha al-Sudani. According to several reports and Pentagon spokesman Bryan Whitman,
targets were those believed to be responsible for the 1998 embassy
bombings, which killed 225 people. Somali government spokesman Abdul Rashid Hidig told
the New York Times that two civilians were killed, although an Islamist
spokesman said many nomadic tribesmen died, including many children. US Ambassador to Kenya Michael Rannenberger denied any civilian casualties in an interview with the BBC. Pentagon spokesman Bryan Whitman told CBS News the strike was based on intelligence ‘that led us to believe we had principal al-Qaeda leaders in an area where we could identify them and take action against them.’ But another US official told the Washington Post: ‘Frankly, I don’t think we know who we killed.’
A team of Ethiopian military with one US Special Forces operative
landed at the scene within hours and confirmed eight dead and three
injured, the New York Times reported the following month. Ayro’s
bloodied passport was found, leading them to believe he had been wounded
or killed, the report added – although Ayro was later targeted in SOM008. Fazul Abdullah Mohammed was also reportedly the target of SOM002, SOM005 and SOM018. A later report in the Daily Mail claimed four British citizens were killed in the attack (see March 2007).
Five days after the incident, a number of individuals surrendered to
Kenyan authorities, including a number of Swedish citizens; Fazul’s
wife Mariam Ali Mohammed; and eight children. They were
deported to Mogadishu and then seized by the Ethiopian intelligence
service, who transported them to Addis Addaba where they were held for
ten weeks. Type of action: Air operation, AC-130 gunship Location: Ras Kamboni References: Somalia Report, Between Threats and War (Zenko) p. 145, Army Times, CBS News, International Crisis Group, Menkhaus, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, New York Times, New York Times, Long War Journal, Daily Mail, AP via ChinaDaily, Wired, Daily Times (Kenya), New York Times, Pentagon statement SOM002 January 9 2007
♦ 5-10 total reported killed ♦ 4-5 reported injured Two
days after the AC-130 attack, another US airstrike hit four towns near
Ras Kamboni, including a training camp on Badmadow island. US officials
denied to the LA Times that SOM001 and SOM002 were
the work of US forces and blamed Ethiopian air attacks, although this
appears to be contradicted by a January 12 2007 US secret cable obtained
by WikiLeaks, which refers to a ‘US military … strike Jan. 9
against members of the East Africa Al Qaeda cell believed to be on the
run in a remote area of Somalia near the Kenyan border.’ A US
intelligence official, speaking anonymously, told AP that five to ten
people targeted by the strike were believed to be associated with al
Qaeda. The US military’s main target on the island was thought to be Fazul Abdullah Mohammed. Although reports suggested he had been killed, he was also the target of SOM005 and, four years later he was the target of SOM019. The official said a small number of others present, perhaps four or five, were wounded. Government spokesman Abdirahman Dinari said
it was not known how many people were killed, ‘but we understand there
were a lot of casualties. Most were Islamic fighters.’ Type of action: Air operation, AC-130 gunship Location: Hayo, Garer, Bankajirow and Badmadow, Ras Kamboni References:WikiLeaks dipomatic cable, CBS, Los Angeles Times, Long War Journal SOM003 January 9 2007 ♦ 4-31 total reported killed ♦ 4-31 civilians reported killed, including 1 child Heavy
civilian casualties were reported in airstrikes on Hayi near
Afmadow, on Hayi, 250km northwest of Ras Kamboni, and other parts of
southern Somalia, in confusing reports which may conflate activity by US
and other forces. An elder told Reuters 22-27 people had been killed,
while a Somali politician told CBS News that 31 civilians ‘including a
newlywed couple’ had been killed by two helicopters near Afmadow, while Mohamed Mahmud Burale told AP that at least four civilians were killed on Monday evening in Hayi, including his four-year-old son. Type of action: Air operation, possibly helicopter Location: Hayi References:AP via ChinaDaily, CBS, New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Reuters SOM004 January 23 2007
♦ 8 total reported killed ♦ Possible civilians reported killed A fresh JSOC AC-130 strike in Somalia, reportedly operating from an airbase in eastern Ethiopia, targeted Ahmed Madobe, a deputy of ICU leader Hassan Turki.
Madobe survived the attack but was wounded and captured, he later told
The Nation’s Jeremy Scahill. His eight companions, who Madobe said
included men and women ‘on the run’ with him, were all killed. Madobe told the Nation:
At around 4am we woke up to perform the dawn prayers, and
that’s when the planes started to hit us. The entire airspace was full
of planes. There was AC-130, helicopters and fighter jets. The sky was
full of strikes. They were hitting us, pounding us with heavy weaponry.
At around 10am, he added, Ethiopian and US forces landed by
helicopter and captured him. Somalia Report said the attack was on an al
Qaeda supply convoy, and ‘follow-up operations’ confirmed the strike killed Tariq Abdullah. Type of action: Air operation, AC-130 gunship and ground assault, capture Location: Waldena References: AP via Washington Post, WikiLeaks diplomatic cable, The Nation, Army Times, Between Threats and War (Zenko) p. 146, International Crisis Group, Somalia Report, Reuters,New York Times March 2007
A single source claims an SAS unit entered Somalia with members of US
Delta Force (part of JSOC) to identify the remains of British and other
foreign fighters killed in SOM004. The joint mission took DNA samples
from 50 exhumed bodies and four British citizens were identified, the
report claimed. Type of action: Ground operation Location: Hayo Reference:Daily Mail
SOM005 June 1 2007 ♦ 8-12 reported killed
♦ Five gunmen captured The destroyer USS Chafee, sailing off the coast of Somalia, fired ‘more than a dozen rounds from its 5-inch gun’
on militants in Bargal, north Somalia (some reports also claimed that a
cruise missile was fired). Somali spokesmen claimed the strike was
launched after around 35 heavily armed militants landed on the coast
near Bargal and attacked local forces. The New York Times and Micah
Zenko reported that a small number of US operatives – working alongside
Somali forces to hunt high-value targets believed to be among the
militants – came under fire, prompting the missile launch, enabling the
US and Ethiopian troops to escape. Fazul Abdullah Mohammed,
the suspected mastermind of the 1998 embassy bombings, was among the
targets, according to MSNBC and Zenko. The strike killed eight to twelve
alleged militants, reportedly including men from the UK, US, Eritrea,
Sweden and Yemen. Five militants were captured, a Somali official told
the Chicago Tribune. The US operatives comprised three counterterrorism
officials who were ‘investigating the computers that the militants were carrying,’ Hassan Dahir, the vice-president of Puntland, told the New York Times.
‘The entire airspace was full of planes. There was AC-130, helicopters and fighter jets. The sky was full of strikes‘ – Ahmed Madobe
June 7 2007
The US announced it had detained and rendered suspected al Qaeda member Abdullahi Sudi Arale, a leading member of the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) who it described as ‘an extremely dangerous terror suspect‘,
with links to Islamist forces in Somalia. Arale had been detained in
the Horn of Africa and transferred to the US military prison in
Guantanamo Bay, the Pentagon said:
Abdullahi Sudi Arale is suspected of being a member of
the Al Qaeda terrorist network in East Africa, serving as a courier
between East Africa Al Qaeda (EAAQ) and Al Qaeda in Pakistan. Since his
return from Pakistan to Somalia in September 2006, he has held a
leadership role in the EAAQ-affiliated Somali Council of Islamic Courts
(CIC). There is significant information available indicating that Arale
has been assisting various EAAQ-affiliated extremists in acquiring
weapons and explosives, and has facilitated terrorist travel by
providing false documents for AQ and EAAQ-affiliates and foreign
fighters traveling into Somalia. Arale played a significant role in the
re-emergence of the CIC in Mogadishu.
Type of action: Ground operation, rendition Location: Somalia References: BBC, Pentagon
2008
SOM006 March 3 2008
♦ 0-6 total reported killed ♦ 0-4 civilians reported killed ♦ 3-8 reported injured The US fired at least one and as many as three cruise missiles at Dhobley, a town in southern Somalia four miles from the Kenyan border. Pentagon spokesmanBryan Whitman told AFP: ‘On March 2, the US conducted an attack against a known Al-Qaeda terrorist in southern Somalia.’ The Long War Journal reported the strike targeted Ras Kamboni Brigades leader Hassan Turki and al Qaeda leader Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan. He was a member of al Qaeda’s ruling Shura Council
and controlled the group’s East Africa cells. The US had put a $25m
bounty on his head. Despite anonymous officials claiming it was a cruise
missile strike, an Islamist spokesman said the town was bombed and
civilian targets hit in an attack carried out by a US AC-130 gunship.
There were conflicting reports of casualties in the strike. A local elder, Abdullahi Sheikh Duale, said four civilians were killed. Witnesses said at least six people were killed in the strike. And a police officer told AP eight people were wounded in the strike. However Dhobley residents told the New York Times
three civilians were injured in the attack that partly destroyed a
house. The only fatalities were three cows and a donkey, they said. Type of action: Naval operation, cruise missiles and possible air operation, AC-130 gunship Location: Dhobley References:AFP, Bloomberg, Monsters and Critics, Long War Journal, Associated Press, Washington Times, New York Times SOM007 May 1 2008 ♦ 15+ total reported killed ♦ 5+ civilians reported killed In May 2008, US naval-launched cruise missiles killed Aden Hashi Ayro (see also SOM001),
the head of the Somali Islamist movement al Shabaab, which had growing
ties with Al Qaeda. Some reports claimed an AC-130 was also involved.
After Ayro’s death al Shabaab reportedly suspected the US had tracked
him through his iPhone and banned the use of similar devices. An
American military official in Washington told the New York Times:
[A]t least four Tomahawk cruise missiles fired from a
Navy ship or submarine off the Somali coast had slammed into a small
compound of single-story buildings in Dusa Marreb, a well-known hide-out
for Mr. Ayro and his associates. The military official and two American
intelligence officials said all indications were that Mr. Ayro was
killed, along with several top lieutenants, but the attack was still
being assessed.
Insurgent leaders had been meeting in Dusa Marreb, al
Shabaab-controlled broadcaster Shabelle reported, putting the death toll
at 15. A Shabaab spokesman, Mukhtar Ali Robow, told Reuters: ‘Infidel planes bombed Dusa Marreb… Two of our important people, including Ayro, were killed.’ Sheikh Muhyadin Omar was among the dead, according to the Long War Journal and Africa Confidential.
Residents said ‘several other Shabaab fighters and civilians were
killed, Reuters reported. Half a dozen senior Al Shabaab commanders and
Ayro’s brother were killed in the strike, according to Africa
Confidential. Ayro’s wife and children, and people from nearby houses,
were also reported dead. Type of action: Naval operation, cruise missiles and possible air assault, AC-130 gunship Location: Dusa Marreb town, central Somalia References:Army Times, Christian Science Monitor, AllAfrica.com, Time, Between Threats and War (Zenko) p. 151, New York Times, Reuters, Africa Confidential, Long War Journal, Long War Journal, US diplomatic cable, AFP
2009
March 2009
Newsweek reported that the Pentagon considered attacking an al-Shabaab
training camp. A high-level operative with the group was supposed to be
attending a ‘graduation ceremony’ of militants from a camp. Chairman of
the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mike Mullen reportedly outlined a ‘strike
package’ which included bombing other camps. The tactic was likened by
USMC General James Cartwright to ‘carpet bombing a country.’ President
Obama vetoed the attack. Location: Southern Somalia Reference: Newsweek, Kill Or Capture/ Klaidman pp49-51, pp201-203 March 14 2009 Apparently confirming US fears of a militant link between Somalia and al Qaeda, Osama bin Laden used an audio recording, posted on Jihadi websites, to urge Somalis to ‘fight on‘ against their newly elected president, Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmad, CBS News reported. ‘Bin Laden asked Muslim youths to disseminate extremist literature online‘,
the report claimed. Ken Menkhaus, professor of political science at
Davidson University and Somalia expert, felt bin Laden’s message would
only bolster support for the new president. ‘There’s nothing that
plays as poorly in Somalia as foreigners trying to advance their own
agenda in Somalia — telling them who they may or may not have as a
leader — and al-Qaeda is falling into that category. In some ways, you
could not script this any better for the new government. On paper, it
all looks excellent,’ he told TIME. References: CBS News, The Independent, YouTube, TIME April 12 2009 ♦ 3 pirates reported killed
A hostage rescue operation reveals the presence of JSOC Navy Seal Team 6 commandos off the coast of Somalia. Richard Phillips, a rescued US hostage, was then ‘flown to the Boxer, an amphibious assault ship also off the Somali coast’. The Boxer, a JSOC ship, also featured in the 2011 capture and rendition off the Yemen coast of Ahmed Abdulkadir Warsame. Location: Off the coast of Somalia References: The Daily Beast, New York Times, The Guardian, Los Angeles Times SOM008 September 14 2009
♦ 2-6 reported killed ♦ 2 reported injured In an operation codenamed ‘Celestial Balance’ US Special Forces launched a helicopter raid into Somalia, killing Kenyan Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan, wanted in connection with the Mombasa attacks. ’We’d been tracking him for years,’ a senior military official told Sean D. Naylor, in the Army Times. ’We knew his travel route, we knew the vehicles he was using‘.
Three options were initially mooted to Obama and his senior advisers:
to fire Tomahawk cruise missiles from a warship off the Somali coast; a
helicopter attack on the convoy, or a ‘snatch and grab’ operation attempting to take Nabhan alive. According to Klaidman ‘as everyone left the meeting that evening it was clear that the only viable plan was the lethal one.’
The US learned that Nabhan’s convoy would be setting off from
Mogadishu to meet Islamic militants in the coastal town of Baraawe, the
Beast reported. As the convoy neared Baraawe, JSOC struck. A number of
160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment AH-6 Little Bird helicopters
flew from a Navy ship and attacked the militants as they were
breakfasting, killing six, including Nabhan, according to news reports.
However, NPR radio reported that SEAL commandos fired missiles into
Nabhan’s car. The Army Times and Daily Beast stated that one helicopter
landed, with operators jumping out to load the bodies of Nabhan and
three others into the aircraft, in order to retrieve Nabhan’s DNA.
Following this operation, a Pentagon official told the Daily Beast the
US Special Ops Forces wanted to increase their use of Sensitive Site
Exploitation (SSE), ‘not just to kill terror targets but to rummage through their belongings‘, but ‘the president was not supportive‘ and that this became a bone of contention between Special Ops and the Obama administration. Type of action: Air operation, helicopter and ground assault, body retrieval Location: Barawe References:ABC, Mareeg, Guardian, Time, Army Times, Air Force Times, NPR, The Daily Beast, Daily Mail, Long War Journal, Long War Journal, Kill Or Capture/ Klaidman pp125-127 September 22 2009 A diplomatic cable released by WikiLeaks revealed unarmed US
drones would soon fly from a base in the Seychelles on missions over
Somalia: ‘Counter-terrorism missions will involve intelligence,
reconnaissance and surveillance flights over the Horn of Africa to
support ongoing counter-terrorism efforts. The UAVs originating from
Seychelles and flying counter-terrorism mission will not conduct direct
attacks.’ ABC News has since reported ‘US Africa Command has been flying drones out of the Seychelles since 2009 as part of anti-piracy measures in the Indian Ocean.’
The WikiLeaks cable revealed 77 US personnel would be located in Mahe,
the capital, to launch, recover and maintain the drones. Location: Mahe, Seychelles References:WikiLeaks cable, ABC
‘We’d been tracking him for years. We knew his travel route, we knew the vehicles he was using’ - senior US military official to Army Times
September 30 2009 A secret directive, the ‘Joint Unconventional Warfare Task Force Execute Order’, was signed by General David Petraeus, chief of Central Command, authorising ‘the
sending of American Special Operations troops to both friendly and
hostile nations in the Middle East, Central Asia and the Horn of Africa
to gather intelligence and build ties with local forces,’ according to the New York Times. The order, which an official said ‘was drafted in close coordination with Admiral Eric T. Olson, the officer in charge of theUnited States Special Operations Command‘, called for clandestine activities that ‘cannot or will not be accomplished‘ by conventional military operations or ‘interagency activities.’ Reference: New York Times October 19 2009 Al Shabaab militants claimed they had shot down a US surveillance drone just off the coast near to Kismayo. ‘The
suspected US aircraft had been flying in Kismayo airspace for days
before being shot down two miles north-east of the town on Monday
morning,’ an unnamed Islamist official told the BBC. ‘We think it fell into the sea. We are still searching for it’. ’It fell into the water and our fighters are trying to locate it,’ al Shabaab spokesman Sheikh Hassan Yacqub told Reuters. But US Navy spokesman Lieutenant Nathan Christensen told Reuters all drones had been safely recovered.
February 4 2010
A Pentagon request to carry out targeted killings of al-Shabaaab leaders
was reportedly overridden by Pentagon legal adviser Jeh Johnson.
According to Newsweek
The decision came just as the military was ramping up its
operations in Somalia. Pentagon officers left the meeting without
saying a word to Johnson. It was a lonely moment for an ambitious lawyer
who was used to getting along with his uniformed colleagues.
Johnson reversed his decision by the end of 2010 after ‘the military
mounted a fierce campaign to persuade him to reverse course.’ Location: Washington DC Reference: Newsweek, Kill Or Capture/ Klaidman pp212-213, pp218-223
Summer 2010
According to the Guardian, in summer 2010 the UK began drawing up
‘contingency plans’ for airstrikes on beach camps in Somalia, having
become highly concerned about the threat to Britain and Europe posed by
pirates and Islamic insurgents. ‘The UK has also considered plans
for attacking targets in places where al-Shabaab and the pirates appear
to co-exist, particularly in southern Somalia’, the Guardian reported. Location: coastal and southern Somalia Reference: The Guardian Autumn 2010
The US agreed to place two Al Shabaab leaders on its ‘death list’ including Sheikh Mohammed Mukhtar Abdirahman, according to Newsweek. Efforts to add a third man, Sheikh Mukhtar Robow, were reportedly overruled by State Department lawyer Harold Koh.
Koh forcefully insisted that the “killing would be
unlawful.” Robow was removed from the targeting list. But the pressure
to expand the list rarely lets up. After Al-Shabab’s top leader swore
his organization’s allegiance to al Qaeda earlier this year [2012],
Obama officials renewed their earlier debate. Robow’s life again hangs
in the balance.
SOM009 April 3-6 2011
♦ 1-36 reported killed After
a reporting gap of 18 months, US air attacks may have resumed. Reports
of intense fighting for control of the town of Dhobley between al
Shabaab and Somali forces mention an air strike, which Shabelle reports
killed several militants. Somalia Report stated: ‘on April 6,
shortly after the exploitation of data from captured al-Qaeda cell
phones and laptops, three dozen al Shabab members were killed‘, although later reports say only one commander was killed. Jabreel Malik Muhammed was killed in the strike, according to the Observer (Uganda). Type of action: Air operation, airstrike Location: Dhobley References:The Observer (Uganda), AllAfrica, Long War Journal, Somalia Report, Al Arabiya, Somalia Report SOM010 June 23 2011
♦ 2+ reported killed ♦ 2-3 reported injured In
the first known lethal drone strike in Somalia, Predators struck a
militant training camp 10km south of Kismayo. Further missiles hit a
second target near the airport. The attacks were aimed at two senior
militants who were planning an imminent terrorist attack on the UK, US
officials told the Washington Post. Abdirashid Mohamed Hidig, Somalia’s deputy defence minister, told AP the strike killed ‘many’ foreign fighters. ‘I have their names, but I don’t want to release them,’ he claimed. Ibrahim al Afghani, also known as Ibrahim Haji Jama Mead,
a senior leader in al Shabaab, was reportedly wounded or killed,
although Strategic Forecasting claimed on August 11 that Afghani was
alive and had replaced Ahmed Abdi Godane as the emir of
al Shabaab. Al Shabaab has not responded to either report, and Afghani
has not appeared in public since. Two militants were wounded, according
to a local al Shabaab leader, Sheik Hassan Yaqub, while resident Mohammed Aden reported seeing three wounded militants. Among them was British citizen Bilal al Berjawi, killed in a subsequent drone strike, SOM018.
US helicopters reportedly landed after the attack, with troops
retrieving some dead and injured. The strike was the first joint mission
conducted by JSOC and the CIA, CNN claimed.
Russia Today reports on the first US drone attack in Somalia SOM010a June 28 2011 In
a piece looking at drone strikes in Somalia, Somalia Report stated that
on this day, ‘another attack occurred in Taabta village in the Afmadow
District of Lower Juba’. However, it is unclear whether this was a US
strike, and Somalia Report was not able to provide further information. Type of action: Air assault, possible drone strike Location: Taabta Reference:Somalia Report SOM011 July 6 2011 ♦ Unknown number killed US drones or planes reportedly hit three al Shabaab militant training camps in Afmadow. ‘Early
in the morning and before the sunrise, we heard more than five heavy
blasts not far from the town. We believe it was an airstrike,” said a resident. ‘Minutes
later, we saw three military vehicles traveling at a high rate of speed
to Kismayo. We believe they were carrying victims of the attack.’
However, then-Somalia Report editor Michael Logan told the Bureau by
email it is simply not known if US drones were behind this attack. ‘This
is one of those that cannot be confirmed as a drone. Lots of witnesses
and a TFG official do confirm an attack, so some kind of strike took
place (but as you know, there are a variety of actors capable of
launching missiles),’ he said. Somali deputy defence minister Abdirashid Mohamed Hidig said at the time: ‘The
foreigners and senior officials of the terrorist group are afraid. They
secretly hide amongst the civilians. The airstrikes will continue until
we minimize the enemy from our country.’ But Dr. Omar Ahmed, an academic and Somali politician, told Somalia Report airstrikes would increase local support for al Shabaab: ‘There
is no reason for the western countries to use airstrikes against
al-Shabaab. It will only increase the generations supporting al Shabaab.’ Type of action: Air operation, either drone or airstrike Location: Juba Reference:Somalia Report August 1 2011
The Nation’s Jeremy Scahill revealed the CIA was operating a secret base
in Mogadishu. According to the award-winning reporter, the CIA had its
own aircraft at the site, and operated subcontracted underground
interrogation cells elsewhere in the city. He stated:
At the [airport] facility, the CIA runs a
counterterrorism training program for Somali intelligence agents and
operatives aimed at building an indigenous strike force capable of
snatch operations and targeted ‘combat’ operations against members of Al
Shabab, an Islamic militant group with close ties to Al Qaeda.
Jeremy Scahill discusses his investigation on MSNBC’s Morning Joe August 19 2011
Security officials in Somalia reported a drone had crashed in Mogadishu,
but provided no details about who was operating it. Officials told
Voice of America the drone crashed into a house near the Libyan Embassy.
Small surveillance drones were known to be operated in the capital by
both the US and AMISOM, according to a well-informed Bureau source. Location: Mogadishu References:AP, Hiiraan, Voice of America, Critical Threats, Global Post August 22 2011
Radio Andalus, an al Shabaab-run radio station, reported that five
American surveillance drones had crashed in southern Somalia ‘over the last two weeks‘.
Two of these drones fell in Mogadishu, one in Kismayo, and the others
around Merka town of Lower Shabelle. The radio station claimed the US
had confirmed some of these drones crashed in Somalia for technical
reasons. However there is no other source for this. Location: Mogadishu, Kismayo, Merka References: Radio Andalus, via Somalia Report
Phantom drone strikes
In September 2011, Iranian broadcaster Press TV
began reporting the deaths of civilians and others in alleged US drone
strikes in Somalia, as well as a number of drone crashes. A three-month
investigation by the Bureau failed to find independent corroboration for
any of these supposed strikes, which Press TV claimed killed more than
1,300 civilians. These alleged strikes are listed separately here. Read the Bureau’s full investigation of Press TV’s Somalia ‘drone strike’ reports
SOM012 September 15 2011 ♦ Unknown casualties AFP reported that residents of Kismayo heard ‘the sound of aircraft and heavy explosions… We heard planes flying over Kismayo and minutes later there were at least three explosions,’ resident Mohamed Ali told AFP by phone. ‘The aircraft fired heavy missiles into a jungle area where the Shebab established training camps, but we don’t know more,’ Abdikarim Samow, another resident, told AFP. There were no further reports of a strike. Type of action: Possible air assault Location: Kismayo Reference: AFP, RNW September 21 2011
Armed drones were operating from Mahe in the Seychelles (along with
those used purely for surveillance), the Washington Post reported: ‘In
the Seychelles, an archipelago in the Indian Ocean…a small fleet of
“hunter-killer” drones resumed operations this month after an
experimental mission demonstrated that the unmanned aircraft could
effectively patrol Somalia from there.’ Seychelles foreign minister Jean-Paul Adam
denied the drones were armed. However, a 2009 diplomatic cable stated
the US ‘would seek discrete [sic], specific discussions … to gain
approval’ to arm the Reapers in the Seychelles ‘should the desire to do
so ever arise’. Location: Seychelles References:Washington Post, Channel 4 News, WikiLeaks cable SOM013 September 25 2011 ♦ Unknown casualties The
United States launched a series of drone attacks on al-Shabaab in
Kismayo, according to residents, who reported attacks on three
locations. The BBC claimed that ‘al-Shabaab are patrolling the streets, preventing locals from using the hospital, which is treating their wounded.’ A large drone was said to have crashed. Al Shahbaab official Sheikh Ibrahim Guled told Reuters:
This plane was a spy for the American government and by
the will of Allah, it crashed near the airport. We did not target it but
it fell down.
Type of action: Air operation, drone strikes Location: Kismayo References:BBC, Voice of America, Reuters, Global Post, Antiwar, The Scotsman, AllAfrica, Mareeg, Somalia Today, Somalia Report, Critical Threats SOM014 October 6 2011
♦ 4 total reported killed ♦ 4 civilians reported killed ♦ 1 person injured Four
Somali farmers were reported to have been killed in a possible drone
strike in Dolbiyow Village, 35km east of Dhobley, said Somalia Report,
while one was reportedly injured. The farmers and their camels were
killed moments after al-Shabaab fighters fled the area in vehicles,
witnesses said. However, a TFG official told Somalia Report Al-Shabaab
had mortared the village. Type of action: Possible air operation, drone strike Location: Dolbiyow Reference:Somalia Report SOM015 October 13 2011 ♦ Unknown casualties ♦ Possible civilian casualties A
single source, Somalia Report, claimed there had been attacks on an
al-Shabaab base near Taabta village, Lower Juba, though it is not clear
who was behind the strikes. Drones targeted an al-Shabaab base used to
train new fighters, according to TFG military official Mohamed Hassan Bule. ‘We
are aware of the operations. It completes today’s operation on the
group by the Somali National Forces. The airstrikes were carried out by
drones from a friendly nation and destroyed a very important and large
base ten kilometers east of Taabta. They used the base to train a
misguided generation’, Bule told Somalia Report. Casualty numbers were unknown, with some local sources saying that civilians were also affected. Type of action: Air operation, drone strike Location: Taabta Reference:Somalia Report SOM016 October 22 2011 ♦ 11 total reported killed ♦ 11 civilians reported killed ♦ 20 civilians reported injured At
least 11 civilians died and more than 20 others were wounded after a
possible US drone attacked on Afmadow town in Lower Jubba region,
according to a single source. ’I have seen 11 bodies and we believe that it was a US airstrike,’ Mohamud Abdirahman,
an eyewitness, told Somalia Report. Locals said they had sighted what
they believed to be US drones hovering above the area in the previous
few days. Type of action: Possible air operation, drone strike Location: Afmadow, Lower Jubba Reference: Somalia Report SOM017
October 23 2011
♦ 0-1 reported killed Either
the US or France launched airstrikes on al Shabaab positions in
Kismayo. Kenyan military spokesman Major Emanuel Chirchir said the
strike was in support of the Kenyan Defence Force advance in southern
Somalia. ‘Everybody is in theatre,’ he told the New York Times. ‘They are complementary.’ He would not name who carried out the attack but said: ‘Everyone knows who is fighting the terrorists,
they are the same partners who are always fighting al Qaeda.’ Two
‘senior American officials in Washington’ told the paper the US had not
carried out the attacks. The French also denied
they carried out the attacks or were responsible for a naval
bombardment in the preceding days. Lieutenant Colonel Mohamed Farah
Dahir, a Somali army spokesman, said Kenyan jets were responsible for the attack that killed an al Shabaab commander. Al Shabaab denied they suffered any casualties, saying a Kenyan jet launched the strike. A local resident told Reuters:
A jet bombarded an al Shabaab base near the port. It
dropped a huge shell, flew past, came and then dropped another shell…The
whole town shook. We’ve never heard anything like it. Everyone ran
away.
Type of action: Air operation, possible US airstrike Location: Kismayo Reference: New York Times, allAfrica, Bloomberg, Somalia Report, Reuters, Independent, Associated Press, al Jazeera October 27 2011 The US confirmed a new drone base at Arba Minch in Ethopia was
now operational and that flights had already started from the site. The
Washington Post reported armed Reapers were flying from the site,
although US officials told the BBC and Al Jazeera the base was being
used for surveillance flights only. The US government was reported to
have spent millions of dollars adding drone facilities to Arba Minch’s
small civilian airport. The Ethiopian foreign ministry denied a the
facility was a military base: spokesman Tesfaye Yilma told the
Washington Post, ‘We don’t entertain foreign military bases in
Ethiopia’. Captain John Kirby of the US Department of Defence told Al
Jazeera: ‘There are no US military bases in Ethiopia. It’s an Ethiopian
airfield.’ Location: Arba Minch, Ethiopia References:Al Jazeera, Washington Post, BBC October 30 2011
♦ 5-15 killed ♦ 5 civilians reported killed, including 3 children ♦ 45-47 reported wounded
A refugee camp for those displaced by the severe drought was hit in a Kenyan air strike. Aid agency Medecin Sans Frontieres (MSF)
reported the strike hit at around 1.30pm. The agency’s employees
witnessed the strike on the camp which is home to 1,500 families.
According to MSF Holland’s Head of Mission in Somalia Gautam Chatterjee: ‘In our hospital in Marare, we received 31 children, nine women and five men. All of them of with shrapnel injuries.’
A spokesman for Kenya’s military
said the country’s jets had killed 10 alleged al Shabaab insurgents.
Somalia’s defence minister said the strike had targeted an al Shabaab
convoy in Jilib. Both denied reports of civilian casualties.
The Kenyan defence ministry said:
The incident at the IDP camp developed following enemy
actions in the area. Upon the aerial attack an Al Shabaab driver drove
off a technical battle wagon mounted with a ZSU 2-3 anti aircraft gun,
towards the IDP camp. The wagon was on fire and laden with explosives,
it exploded while at the camp causing the reported deaths and injuries.
Type of action: Air operation, Kenyan air strike Location: Jilib References:MSF, Reuters, BBC, Capital News, UN Report SOM018 November 14 2011
♦ 1-2 reported killed Missiles
were fired at a training camp in Afgoye, Lower Shabelle, according to
al Shabaab. An initial report from the Sunatimes stated: ‘[a] US drone attack killed leaders Ahmed Godane and Hassan Dahir Aweys.’ But Michael Logan, then editor of Somalia Report, later tweeted ‘Looks like the deaths of al-Shabaab leaders were greatly exaggerated by the TFG, as usual.’ A junior al Shabaab member allegedly told Somalia Report that the group suffered ‘some casualties.’ Associated
Press debated who was responsible for the alleged strikes, with both
French and US officials suggesting the other nation may have carried out
the attacks. Type of action: Air operation, likely drone strike Location: Afgoye References:Sunatimes, Somalia Report, Associated Press December 13 2011
Addressing American troops in Djibouti, US defence secretary Leon Panetta said US operations against al Qaeda were concentrating on key groups in Yemen, Somalia and North Africa:
Al Qaeda is what started this war and we have made a
commitment that we are going to track these guys wherever they go and
make sure they have no place to hide, and that’s what the effort here is
all about – to make sure that they have no place to hide, whether it’s
Yemen or it’s Somalia or anyplace else.
‘Looks like the deaths of al-Shabaab leaders were greatly exaggerated by the TFG, as usual’ – Michael Logan
December 13 2011 A US surveillance drone crashed in the Seychelles during a routine patrol, reported the Telegraph. ’The
Seychelles-based MQ-9s, which are used to monitor piracy activities in
and around the Indian Ocean, don’t carry weapons, though they have the
capability to do so… The US has used drones to hunt down al-Qaida-linked
militants in Somalia and Yemen, among other countries. Their humming is
a constant feature in the sky in many of the major towns in southern
Somalia, especially the capital city and the militant-controlled
southern port of Kismayo.’ Location: Seychelles References: Daily Telegraph, Associated Press (via NY Times) December 28 2011 A major report in the Washington Post examined drone strikes
sanctioned by the Obama administration. The Post reporters spoke to a
‘senior administration official’ who stated that in Somalia, ‘the US
administration has only allowed a handful of strikes, out of concern
that a broader campaign could turn al-Shabab from a regional menace into
an adversary determined to carry out attacks on US soil.’ Reference:Washington Post
2012
SOM019 January 21 2012 ♦ 1+ reported killed Three missiles fired from a suspected drone operated by JSOC killed British-Lebanese militant Bilal al-Berjawi,
also known as Abu Hafsa. The US intelligence services and military had
had him under surveillance for days according to the Associated Press
Al-Shabaab spokesman Sheikh Ali Mohamud Rage said:
At around 1400, a US drone targeted our mujahideen. One foreigner, a Lebanese with a British passport, died.
A witness who gave his name as Osman told the New York Times there were two strikes: ‘One hit a car, which I believe held explosives.’ The strike was confirmed to AP by a US official in Washington. Berjawi was known to have been injured in airstrikes in June 2011 (SOM010)
and was suspected to have sought medical assistance in Nairobi at that
time. The Guardian reported Berjawi’s wife was understood to have given
birth to a child in a London hospital a few hours before the attack,
prompting suspicions that his location had been pinpointed through a
telephone conversation between the couple. The killing caused a rift
within al-Qaeda, reports suggested, with al-Shabaab calling an emergency
meeting after the drone strike, amid accusations that leaders ‘may be involved in this latest killing to pursue their own goals’. In February 2013 an investigation by the Bureau and published by The Independent revealed Berjawi had his British citizenship stripped by
the UK’s Home Secretary. a British-Lebanese citizen who came to the UK
as a baby and grew up in London, but left for Somalia in 2009 with his
close friend British-born Mohamed Sakr, killed in February 2012 (SOM021). They were among more than 20 people to lose their British citizenship at the order of successive Home Secretary.
In July 2012 al Shabaab executed three militants who they accused of spying for the CIA and MI6. Ishaq Omar Hassan, 22, and Yasin Osman Ahmed, 23, were accused of working for the Americans. Al Shabaab official Sheikh Mohamed Abu Abdallah said
they ‘had fixed a device on Bilal el Berjawi’s car and then he was
killed by a plane in Elasha six months ago.’ Abu Abdallah said
33-year-old Mukhtar Ibrahim Sheikh Ahmed had been working for the British. Type of action: Air operation, drone strike Location: Elasha Biyaha, 15km south of Mogadishu Reference:Somalia Report, Al Shabaab press, Long War Journal, Associated Press, The Guardian, Somalia Report, New York Times, The Telegraph, Reuters, Long War Journal, allAfrica.com, Global Post, Associated Press, Associated Press, Reuters, The Bureau, The Bureau SOM020 January 21 2012 ♦ 6 reported killed Further south, another airstrike killed six people near the insurgent stronghold of Kismayo, according to Sheikh Mohamud Abdi,
a senior al-Shabaab commander. It is not known whether the strike was
by US or Kenyan forces. Kenya sent troops into Somalia in October amid
concerns that Somalia’s 21-year-old civil war was spilling over the
countries’ border. Type of action: Reported air operation, possible US airstrike Location: Kismayo Reference:The Guardian January 22 2012
People fled their homes in the rebel-held area of Elasha Biyaha on the outskirts of Mogadishu, ‘for fear of drone attacks targeting foreign and Al-Shabaab militants in the area‘,
Somali radio station Bar Kulan reported. The station’s correspondent
said most were women and children who had earlier left the capital and
camped in Elasha Biyaha, but had returned following the previous day’s
strikes. Somalia Report stated they spoke with a resident who lived near
the site of SOM019. ‘We are scared of more strikes
because Al-Shabaab fighters live around here and they might be
potential targets … Shrapnel and dust was flying away from the impact
area and if it happens again it might be fatal,’ he told Somalia Report. Location: Elasha Biyaha References: Bar Kulan, Somalia Report January 25 2012
Reported killed: 9 pirates
A US Special Forces raid freed two aid workers, American Jessica Buchanan and Dane Poul Hagen Thisted,
who had been kidnapped by pirates. According to Associated Press, the
task force involved in the rescue was Navy Seal Team Six – the team that
killed Osama Bin Laden. Type of action: Ground operation, rescue mission. Location: Galmudug References: Reuters, NBC News, Associated Press video, Associated Press, BBC February 3 2012 A surveillance drone reportedly crashed in a refugee camp in
Mogadishu. There were no reported casualties and nothing to indicate the
origins of the drone. According to AP, refugees and soldiers in Badbado
camp said they watched the drone crash into a hut ‘made of sticks, corrugated cans and plastic bags‘. Location: Mogadishu Reference:Associated Press February 9 2012
In a video posted on Islamist forums, Al Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahri said that Al Shabaab had officially joined the al Qaeda global network. According to the Telegraph, ‘analysts
said the move appeared partly a propaganda gambit by an al Qaeda
leadership weakened by drone strikes and a failure to carry out a major
successful attack in the West since 2005‘. AllAfrica noted
that Al Shabaab had offered fealty to Al Qaeda in September 2009.
Leader Ahmed Abdi Godane said his militia was ‘at the service of jihad
under the stewardship of Bin Laden.’ But at the time bin Laden was
non-committal. References: Somali War Monitor, The Telegraph, Reuters, New York Times, AllAfrica February 21-23 2012
In diplomatic moves relating to the London conference on Somalia,
Britain said it would contribute £20m to a ‘stability fund’ for Somalia,
which will pay for a civilian force of ‘chino-clad warriors’
to assist the Somali government. In addition, the Guardian reported
that Britain and other EU countries were ‘considering helicopters from
warships to mount offshore raids
on the logistical hubs and training camps belonging to pirates and
al-Shabaab militants in the country’. A Whitehall source told the
newspaper: ‘We don’t have the assets in place…that does not mean we
could not get them in the air quickly.’ Another official added, ‘there
was no political will on this to begin with, but that has been changing.
We know where the camps are, where they set up and where they launch
from.’ In an interview with the BBC Somali service, David Cameron
explained the threat he believed al Shabaab posed: ‘Al-Shabaab
encourages violent jihad not just in Somalia but also outside Somalia,’
he said. ‘And there is a very real danger of young British Somalis
having their minds poisoned by this organisation.’ But at the conference
US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton appeared to contradict aspects of current US military policy in Somalia. Asked about the viability of airstrikes she said:
I am not a military strategist, but I think I know enough
to say that airstrikes would not be a good idea. And we have absolutely
no reason to believe anyone, certainly not the United States, anyone is
considering that.
Clinton: ‘Airstrikes would not be a good idea.’ February 23 2012 SOM021 February 24 2012 ♦ 4-7 total reported killed Hours after Secretary Clinton told the London Somalia conference that airstrikes against al Shabaab ‘would not be a good idea’, a US drone strike killed up to seven alleged Islamists in Lower Shabelle. According to AP:
An American official in Washington confirmed the attack
was carried out by a United States drone. A second official said an
“international” member of the Shabab was the target of the strike,
though he said a white Kenyan reported killed in the attack was not the
target..
Al Shabaab identified one of the dead as Moroccan Sheikh Abu Ibrahim. According to Reuters: ‘A very senior Egyptian was killed. Three Kenyans and a Somali also died.’
AFP reported that the strike targeted an al Qaeda commander in his
vehicle, destroying the car and killing him. Also among those reported
killed was a man named only as Sakr, the former deputy of Bilal al-Berjawi killed on January 22 (SOM019). The Bureau subsequently revealed his full name was London-born Mohamed Sakr. A February 2013 investigation by the Bureau, published by the Independent, uncovered Sakr had his British citizenship stripped
by the UK’s Home Secretary. He was one of more than 20 people to lose
their British citizenship at the order of successive Home Secretary,
including Berjawi. The practice was compared to ‘medieval exile’ by
leading human rights lawyer Gareth Peirce.
Sakr’s later said they believed the loss of his UK citizenship left their son vulnerable to attack by the US. ‘I’ll never stop blaming the British government for what they did to my son. They broke my family’s back,’ his father told the Bureau.
A civilian told Reuters that fighter jets roared overhead before a
loud blast ripped through the night air. Hassan, a local resident said: ‘First we saw a huge flash and then a big explosion shook the ground… Later we saw a huge crater and nearby trees were burned.’ Al Shabaab confirmed the strike but ‘said it was not clear if the dead were its fighters or civilians.’
The strike was the ninth Pentagon military strike in Somalia confirmed
by US officials. The Bureau has identified a further 12 strikes which
may be the work of the United States. The strike targeting was reportedly provided by two al Shabaab miliantsIshaq Omar Hassan, 22, and Yasin Osman Ahmed, 23. The two were accused of providing targeting information for the CIA to kill Bilal al Berjawi (SOM019) and were executed in July 2012 along with 33-year-old Mukhtar Ibrahim Sheikh Ahmed accused of spying for Britain’s MI6.
March 17 2012
Alabama-born jihadist and US citizen Omar Hammami, also known as Abu Mansour al-Amriki, revealed a rift within Al Shabaab when he released a video in which he declared that his life at risk. ‘I
record this message today because I feel that my life may be endangered
by Harakat Shabaab al-Mujahideen due to some differences that occurred
between us regarding matters of the sharia and matters of strategy.’ Al Shabaab tweeted that al-Amriki ‘was not endangered’. Yet reports emerged the following day that the al Qaeda-linked group had arrested al-Amriki and taken him into custody. It was later claimed that Hammami was executed by Al Shabaab on April 5.
The European Union authorised possible ground strikes in Somalia as it
extended its Operation Atlanta anti-piracy mission until December 2014.
An EU statement said ‘the force’s area of operations to include Somali coastal territory as well as its territorial and internal waters.’ AFP cited Spanish foreign minister Jose Manuel Garcia-Margallo:
The EU plan is to allow attacks on land installations when ships are assaulted at sea.
Location: Somalia, EU References: EU statement, The Guardian, AFP, Al Jazeera, BBC, The National SOM022 April 17 2012 ♦ 2 reported injured ‘Unknown
military jets fired several missiles’ at a suspected Somali pirate base
in the northern autonomous region of Puntland a coastguard official
told AFP. At least two people were reported injured. The air strike came
near midnight and is apparently unprecedented as it targeted pirates,
not al Shabaab. Muse Jama, an elder, told AFP the two aircraft that
attacked his village ‘came from the sea.’ Which nation the aircraft
belong to is unknown. The European Union’s anti-piracy operation has
been authorised to launch strikes on Somali coastal territory. But a
spokesman told AFP the EU was ‘not involved whatsoever’ in the strike
and refused to comment on who was. Type of action: Air operation, air strike Location: Gumah, Puntland References: AFP, RBC Radio
May 15 2012 ♦ 0 reported casualties The European Union (EU) launched attack helicopter and
‘maritime aircraft’ strikes on an alleged pirate base near Haradheere.
Stating that there had been no EU ‘boots on the ground’ reports
indicated that helicopters from the EU’s Naval Force (NAVFOR) had
destroyed nine speedboats, an arms dump and fuel supplies in a
night-time raid.
Bile Hussein, a pirate commander, later told Associated Press: ‘They
destroyed our equipment to ashes. It was a key supplies center for us,”
Hussein said. “The fuel contributed to the flames and destruction.
Nothing was spared.’ The pirates responded angrily to the strike and
pirate commander Abdi Yare told AFP ‘If they continue attacking Somali
coastal villages, then there will be terrible consequences.’ Although no
casualties were recorded fisherman Mohammed Hussein alleged fishing
boats were destroyed in the operation. ‘We are very much worried that
fishermen will die in such operations,’ he added. Speaking to the
Bureau, NAVFOR spokeswoman Lt Cmdr Sheriff acknowledged some pirate
camps were also used by fishermen but said the target of the strike had
been a known pirate base with no fishing activity. NAVFOR commander Rear
Admiral Duncan Potts said of the attack:
The EU Naval Force action against pirate supplies on the
shoreline is merely an extension of the disruption actions carried out
against pirate ships at sea. We believe this action by the EU Naval
Force will further increase the pressure on and disrupt pirates’ efforts
to get out to sea and attack merchant shipping and dhows.
Although the EU did not reveal which nations had taken part in the
attack, AP reported that newly-commissioned French amphibious assault
ship Dixmude, part of NAVFOR, carries Tigre helicopter gunships. But NAVFOR spokesman Timo Lange told the Bureau the Dixmude
had left the EU flotilla around at the end of April, returning to
French naval command. Lt Cmdr Sherriff told the Bureau the attack was
carried out with helicopters ‘organic to the ships we have with us’ and
that small arms fire was used for the attack. But ‘an intelligence
operative close to EU anti-piracy operations’ told Defence Report EU ground forces did lead the strike, saying the destruction of the pirates’ fast boats could only have been achieved with a ground assault.
EU foreign policy spokesman Michael Mann said that ‘This action
against piracy is part of a comprehensive EU approach to the crisis in
Somalia, where we support a lasting political solution on land.’ A Royal
Navy source told the Daily Telegraph it was a good time to step up
attacks on pirate infrastructure. The source continued:
However, the Somalis will certainly be better prepared
next time round and are likely to defend their bases with significant
anti-aircraft assets now they know that the ante has been upped. This
will inevitably lead to bloodshed and escalation.
The EU had paved the way for the strikes in a March 23 decision
allowing it to target Somalia’s ‘territorial, coastal and internal
waters.’ Type of action: Air operation, helicopter strikes Location: Handulle near Haradheere, Somalia coastline References: Irish Times, Bloomberg, Reuters, Die Welte, Associated Press, BBC, EU NAVFOR, EU High Representative, Christian Science Monitor, Associated Press, Daily Telegraph, AFP, Defence Report NAVFOR’s anti-piracy planning chart (May 2012)June 7 2012 More than seven weeks after the last recorded American action
in Somalia the US administration added seven al Shabaab leaders to the
so-called ‘kill list’ of drone targets. This followed Newsweek revealing
the US military had put President Obama’s advisers under pressure to
expand the drone targeting list to include members of the African
militant group. Agencies reported the US State Department would be be
adding leading figures in the militant group to its Rewards for Justice
programme. Under the scheme the Secretary of State can offer a bounty
of up to $25 million for information that prevents terrorist attacks on
US citizens or property. US officials told the Associated Press the
administration would offer up to $7 million for information about al
Shabaab founder Ahmed Abdi aw Mohamed and up to $5 million apiece for his associates Ibrahim Haji Jama, Fuad Mohamed Khalaf, Bashir Mohamed Mahamoud and Mukhtar Robow. Robow was one of three suspected militants Newsweek reported the US military was trying to add to the kill list in late 2010.
The military wanted to hit three top Al-Shabab leaders.
The two lawyers agreed on a pair of the targets, but Koh differed on the
case of Sheikh Mukhtar Robow. He had studied the intelligence and saw
credible evidence that Robow represented a less extreme faction of
Al-Shabab that was opposed to attacking America. While Johnson was fine
with targeting Robow, Koh forcefully insisted that the ‘killing would be
unlawful.’ Robow was removed from the targeting list.
Up to $3 million each were offered each for Zakariya Ismail Ahmed Hersi and Abdullahi Yare.
Robert Hartung, an assistant director at the State Department’s Bureau
of Diplomatic Security said adding these names to the list shows the
U.S. government ‘takes the fight against terrorism very seriously.’ Location: Washington DC References:Associated Press, Reuters, US Department of State, BBC, Newsweek June 15 2012
In what was viewed by some as a significant move towards greater
transparency, the United States officially acknowledged for the first
time its military combat operations in Somalia and Yemen. In Somalia all
strikes are thought to have been carried out by the Pentagon’s Joint
Special Operations Command. A letter from President Obama to Congress – a six monthly obligation under the War Powers Resolution passed in 1973 – stated:
In Somalia, the U.S. military has worked to counter the
terrorist threat posed by al-Qa’ida and al-Qa’ida-associated elements of
al-Shabaab. In a limited number of cases, the U.S. military has taken
direct action in Somalia against members of al-Qa’ida, including those
who are also members of al-Shabaab, who are engaged in efforts to carry
out terrorist attacks against the United States and our interests.
There were similar references to operations in Yemen. Previously any
such details were reported only in a confidential annex to the reports.
The Wall Street Journal noted that much of the impetus for partial
disclosure came from General Martin Dempsey, chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff. His spokesman told the paper:
‘When U.S. military forces are involved in combat anywhere in the
world, and information about those operations does not compromise
national or operational security, Gen. Dempsey believes the American
public should be kept appropriately informed.’ But the paper also noted
that ‘officials said details about specific strikes in Yemen and Somalia
would continue to be kept secret.’
The unexpected move by Obama came three days after 26 members of the US Congress wrote to Obama urging him to be transparent on covert drone strikes.They wrote:
The implications of the use of drones for our national
security are profound. They are faceless ambassadors that cause civilian
deaths, and are frequently the only direct contact with Americans that
the targeted communities have. They can generate powerful and enduring
anti-American sentiment.
The American Civil Liberties Union, while welcoming the partial
declassification of military strikes in Yemen and Somalia, called for
further disclosure: ‘The public is entitled to more information about
the legal standards that apply, the process by which they add names to
the kill list, and the facts they rely on in order to justify targeted
killings.’ And Steve Aftergood of the Federation of American Scientists
told the New York Times: ‘While any voluntary disclosure is welcome,
this is not much of a breakthrough. The age of secret wars is over. They
were never a secret to those on the receiving end.’ Location: Washington DC References: The White House, The Pentagon, Wall Street Journal, Associated Press, National Public Radio, AntiWar.com, Bloomberg, New York Times, Washington Examiner, Letter from US Congressmen, Al Jazeera June 27 2012
An investigation by the Daily Beast
found that in one Somali prison, 16 inmates had been captured by US
forces and handed over. A Pentagon official confirmed that the US was
‘returning them to their government, and their government takes them.’
The men appeared to be a mixture of pirates and al-Shabaab members. The
investigation also featured an interview with Ahmad Mohammed Ali,
an 18-year old al-Shabaab member who described being interviewed by US
interrogators shortly after capture. As the Daily Beast reported:
Ali was arrested by the Puntland Security Force at the
end of 2011 in a raid against Al-Shabaab in Bosaso. A semi-autonomous
region of Somalia, Puntland is a US ally in the war on terrorism and
piracy, and its president, Abdirahman Mohamud Farole, says US military
and CIA advisers work closely with his security force. Two US military
officials confirmed this.
Eli Lake at Bosaso Central Prison Location: Bosaso, Somalia Reference: The Daily Beast July 22 2012
Al Shabaab executed three of its members for treason. The men were accused of spying for Western agencies. Ishaq Omar Hassan, 22, and Yasin Osman Ahmed, 23, were allegedly working for the CIA. Mukhtar Ibrahim Sheikh Ahmed,
33, was said to be working for MI6. Omar Hassan and Osman Ahmed were
accused of providing the CIA with targeting information for two drone
strikes. In one they were alleged to have attached a tracking device to
the car of British-Lebanese militant Bilal al Berjawi (YEM019). In the second they are said to have aided the CIA in a drone strike which ‘killed four foreign militants south of the Somali capital Mogadishu in February’ (YEM021). The three were shot by firing squad in front of local citizens, with ‘hundreds of Marka residents gathered to watch the execution.’ Location: Marka, Lower Shabelle
References: Daily Telegraph, Reuters, International Business Times, Voice of America, Associated Press July 25 2012
A UN report noted that so many unmanned drones were operating in Somali
airspace that they risked a major air traffic incident, and may be
violating the UN’s long-standing arms embargo. The report, from the UN
Monitoring Group on Somalia, noted that some of small drones were
attached to African Union troops. However, the use of US Reapers or
Predators in kill operations would ‘be operating in violation of the
embargo’, according to the UN’s Matthew Bryden. As the Washington Post
notes
The United Nations said it had documented 64 unauthorized
flights of drones, fighter jets or attack helicopters in Somalia since
June 2011. At least 10 of those flights involved drones, according to
the report, which provided dates and locations but few other details. UN
officials said they catalogued the flights from ‘confidential
international agency security reports’ and press reports.’
Location: Somalia Reference: Washington Post, UN report SOM023 August 23 2012 ♦ Unknown casualties Air
strikes ‘reportedly from international forces’ targeted ‘a mountainous
area near town of Qandala’. Garowe Online said it was not clear if
aircraft or ships from ‘international forces’ carried out the strike.
Foreign warships had been patrolling the Gulf of Aden waters around
Qandala for days. According to Qandala residents, aircraft that ‘had
been doing surveillance on the coastal town for days’ carried out the
attack. Puntland officials told Garowe Online al Shabaab militants were
‘trying to set up new area of operations in mountains east of Bossaso’,
which are near Qandala. Type of action: Air operation or naval operation Location: Qandala, Puntland References: Garowe Online September 12 2012
The new Somali president avoided assassination two days after his
election. Three suicide bombers attacked the Jazeera Palace hotel,
President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud’s temporary residence. Two succeeded in
detonating their explosives and one was shot and killed by security
forces. The president and the Kenyan foreign minister Samson Ongeri were
holding a press conference in the hotel when the bombs went off.
‘Mohamud remained calm, though he winced at the sound of every
gunshot. He didn’t take cover. He kept talking, determined not to let
the chaos affect him,’ reported the Washington Post. Eight were killed; the bombers, three Somali soldiers and two Amisom peacekeepers. The President and Ongeri were unharmed. An al Shabaab spokesman said:
‘We were behind the Mogadishu hotel blasts. It was a well-planned
Mujaheddin operation.’ The hotel is a mile from the heavily fortified
Mogadishu airport, in what is considered one of the safest parts of the
city.
Mohamud was selected for the presidency by 190 members of the 275 seat parliament in a second round run-off. The margin was called
‘a landslide victory that represented a stinging condemnation of the
status quo, and an unequivocal vote for change.’ He beat the favourite
to the presidency, the previous encumbent Sharif Sheikh Ahmed. The
parliament itself had been selected three weeks before. Mohamud, chairman of the Peace and Development Party, was described as an ‘academic and activist‘, and linked to the ‘al-Islah party, the Somali equivalent of the Muslim Brotherhood.’
The election was welcomed by Somalia’s neighbours and the international community. In a statement Hilary Clinton congratulated the new president.
She said: ‘We applaud these steps toward a responsive, representative
and accountable government and Hassan Sheikh’s commitment to inclusive
governance. But there is still more work to be done.’ Location: Mogadishu References:Al Jazeera, Voice of America, Raxanreeb/RBC, Reuters, AFP, Voice of America, Mareeg, US State Department, Somalia Report, Washington Post, New York Times, Daily Telegraph, Washington Post September 25 2012
♦ Unknown casualties
The Kenyan Air Force attacked the airport in Kismayo. The jets dropped
three bombs and destroyed an armoury and warehouse in the al
Shabaab-controlled city, said Kenyan military spokesman Cyrus Oguna. He also said the jets fired more than 10 missiles on the city but did not kill any civilians. Al Shabaab denied there any damage was caused or casualties sustained in a post on a social media site.
Casualty figures could not be determined because militants sealed off
the airport. The strike was reported as preparation for an assault by
Kenyan troops fighting as a part of Amisom, and Ethiopians independent
of the peacekeeping force. Their lines were 60 km outside Kismayo. Type of action: Air operation, Kenyan airstrike Location:Kismayo References: RTTNews, RBC Radio, Voice of America, Associated Press, Xinhua, Twitter September 28 2012 ♦ 4+ reported killed ♦ 1+ civilian reported killed
Kenyan forces stormed Kismayo in a pre-dawn assault, capturing parts of the port city. They attacked with Somalia National Army forces from the land and sea in what was dubbed ‘Operation Sledge Hammer‘. The assault was underway by 2am (2300 GMT) but there were reports of fighting on the beaches and helicopters strafing al Shabaab positions as fighting continued through the day. The BBC reported Kenyan troops
landed on beaches 10 km (6 miles) north of Kismayo, al Shabaab’s last
stronghold in southern Somalia. Six or seven Kenyan warships were
involved in the assault. Kenyan Defence Force spokesman Colonel Cyrus Oguna said the attacking forces met little resistance. He said:
Kenyan maritime forces with Somali national army
assistance landed with full surprise early this morning. There is some
fighting still continuing, but we are in control.
Al Shabaab denied they were retreating. telling the BBC none of the
city had fallen. Casualty figures were not immediately known but Aamina
(34) ‘said she had seen four bodies
on Friday morning, including those of civilians.’An eyewitness reported
there were white troops among Amisom forces manning checkpoints north
of Kismayo. US Special Forces were known
to be operating in Somalia however US Africa Command said it was ‘not
participating in Kenya’s military activities in the region.’
Kismayo was strategically important for al Shabaab. It was the last
major town under their control and their last deep water port. The
militants supported itself financially and logistically through Kismayo.
They brought in arms and exported charcoal, among other commodities, to continue fighting. International Crisis Group analyst Abdirashid Hashi said
the fall of Kismayo would be a psychological blow to al Shabaab. But
the loss of funding would hurt them less as the group would become a
smaller guerrilla force. He said:
The die-hard members will continue with their
destabilization strategy of targeted killings, suicide bombings and IEDs
(roadside bombs)…The low-level footsoldiers will just see them as a
losing proposition.
An elder called Abdi Buule said KDF troops had arrested about 160
people, fearing al Shabaab would hide among the population. More than
10,000 people had fled the city in the week before, and the previous day
Kenyan aircraft had dropped leaflets
warning the remaining civilians to run. The Kenyan ground forces were
fighting as part of Amisom, the African Union peacekeeping force. Kenyan
naval forces took part in the attack and had been shelling Kismayo in the preceding days. But the warships were not part of Amisom, according to the UK Permanent Representative to the UN Mark Lyall Grant. Type of action: Amisom amphibious assault, ground assault Location: Kismayo References: Xinhua, Garowe Online, ITV News, Capital FM, al Jazeera, Guardian, PTI, BBC, Voice of America, Daily Telegraph, Reuters, Financial Times, Raxanreeb Online, BBC, Washington Post October 26 2012
The US military confirmed for the first time that armed drones fly out
of Camp Lemonnier in Djibouti, ’the busiest Predator drone base outside
of Afghan war zone’. About 300 JSOC personnel coordinate drone sorties
and counterterrorism raids in Somalia from the 500-acre base. On August
20 the Defence Department told Congress sixteen drones take-off or land
every day from the base. In a detailed investigation the Washington Post
revealed these flights are coordinated from Lemonnier by a JSOC major
known as ‘Frog’. The drones fly usually for 20 to 22 hours, the paper
revealed. They can be over Somalia ‘in minutes’. The drones are
launched, recovered and maintained by the 87-member 60th Air Force
Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron. Commanded by Lt. Col. Thomas
McCurley, the squadron has adopted a ‘uniform patch emblazoned with a
skull, crossbones and a suitable nickname: “East Africa Air
Pirates”‘. In October 2010 the Pentagon sent eight Predator drones to
turn Lemonnier into a ‘full-time drone base’. And the Pentagon plans to
expand their operation. In August 2012 the US military told Congress it
wanted to spend $1.4bn increase the capacity to store munitions and arm
aircraft. The developments will also increase the number of JSOC
personnel to 1,100. Location: Djibouti Reference: Washington Post
2013
January 12 2013 ♦ 27-28 killed ♦ 8 civilians, including 1 child ♦ 0-1 reported wounded French commandoes failed to a rescue a French spy held hostage by al
Shabaab since 2009. Paris claimed the militants executed the captured
secret service agent, known by his alias Denis Allex, during an assault by 50 Special Forces troops. However al Shabaab’s media wing
said the hostage survived. Seventeen alleged militants were reportedly
killed and eight civilians died, including a child and both his parents.
Four civilians were killed when they were woken by helicopters landing.
They were reportedly shot when they turned on flashlights. Survivors warned the militants
of the advancing French force. Al Shabaab claimed they had moved Allex
to a new location before the attack although French and Somali
government sources said he was killed by his captors during the attack.
The militant commander Shiekh Ahmed was
reportedly killed in the gunfight. One French commando was killed and
another was wounded. The injured soldier was taken by al Shabaab who
said he subsequently died of his wounds.
At least five helicopters ferried the commandoes from amphibious assault ship Mistral to Bulo Marer. The French force underestimated the resistance they would face, reported AFP.
An anonymous Somali aid worker told the agency: ‘We were told there
were about 40 of them against more than 100 heavily armed Shebab
fighters. Their mission was impossible and not very professional.’ The
US provided ‘limited technical support‘
to the French operation. US Air Force strike fighters entered Somali
air space but did not fire their weapons. The operation was reportedly
timed to coincide with a French air and ground offensive in Mali. Paris
denied the two African operations were connected. Location: Bula-Marer Reference: Long War Journal, Daily Telegraph, France 24, Al Shabaab Press Release, BBC, Reuters, Associated Press, Associated Press, Aviation Week, The New York Times, AFP, Shabelle Media Network, Al Shabaab Press Release April 14 2013
A coordinated assault on Mogadishu left more than 90 reported dead or
wounded. As many 35 people were killed by a nine or 10 gunmen wearing
explosive vests. The suicide squad burst into the court complex in the
capital and fought ‘an extended gun battle’ with court guards, witnesses
told the New York Times. Foreign fighters reportedly took part in the attack. Somali investigators told the Toronto Star that they believe a Canadian militant Mahad Ali Dhore organised the assault. The paper said Dhore left Toronto four years earlier
to join al Shabaab. There were unconfirmed reports that a second
Canadian and an unspecified number of Swedish fighters may have taken
part in the attack. Western officials said
al Qaeda is trying to assert itself in Somalia and that the explosive
devices used in the attack were more sophisticated than normal. They
said this suggested al Qaeda was more involved in this operation than in previous attacks. Al Shabaab warned the attacks would not stop. Spokesman Sheikh Abdiasis Abu Musab told Reuters: ‘Yesterday’s blasts eliminated the dreams of the puppet government. More lethal attacks are coming.’
Somali journalists working for the court as media advisors were reportedly killed. And several human rights lawyers were killed including Mohamed Mohamud Afrah, the head of the Somali Lawyers Association, and Abdikarin Hassan Gorod, who won the release of a Somali journalist jailed for interviewing an alleged rape victim. CNN reported as many as 60 people were wounded
in the gunfight. Later in the day a car bomb detonated outside a
government building near the airport. It hit a vehicle carrying Turkish
aid officials. A Somali driver was reportedly killed and three Turks
were wounded. More than 400 people were detained in a major security operation said senior police officer Mohamed Hassan. Soldiers were stopping all vehicles and arresting people at road blocks across the city. Yusuf Ganey, a witness, told AFP:
‘I saw nearly 300 people who were detained and blindfolded near the
industrial road. Everyone the security forces set eyes on today is
getting arrested…This is not a normal operation.’
Four days after the attack al Shabaab released a statement
explaining that since January ‘the Mujahideen have been conducting a
series of coordinated attacks against the coalition of disbelievers’.
The group claimed it had ‘succeeded in eliminating more than 127
apostate intelligence officials and mid-level operatives and spies since
the launch of the campaign’. Location: Mogadishu References: BBC, Associated Press, New York Times, AFP, Reuters, CNN, Toronto Star, Associated Press, Reuters, Al Shabaab statement May 27 2013
A US drone crashed in southern Somalia, possibly brought down by
militant gunfire. The Pentagon has confirmed it was a US
aircraft although would not comment on what kind of drone crashed. US officials told Politico:
‘During the course of a routine surveillance mission along the coast of
Somalia on May 27, a military remotely piloted aircraft crashed in a
remote area near the shoreline of Mogadishu.’ The governor of Lower
Shabelle Abdikadir Mohamed Nur said al Shabaab militants shot the drone down, telling Reuters militants fired on the aircraft for several hours before it crashed. Purported drone wreckage – al Shabaab
The the US denied this saying it was ‘highly unlikely’ that the
militants had brought it down considering the altitude it would have
been flying at. Al Shabaab posted images of what was purportedly a US
drone to Twitter. However they did not claim to shoot it down, only
saying it crashed.
In one image posted on Twitter by al Shabaab showed a piece of debris
inscribed with ‘Schiebel’, the name of a Vienna-based defence
manufacturer who make a helicopter drone, the S-100 Camcopter. This fired speculation that the drone belonged to a number of other nations,
including France which has reportedly been testing the Camcopter. The
drone crashed near where French commandoes failed to rescue a captured
spy in January this year. Location: Bulo Marer, Lower Shabelle References: Voice of America, Reuters, Defence News, BBC, NPR, Daily Telegraph, Politico, Schiebel, Twitter
