Thanks to 18 May 1991, it heralded peaceful co-existence
between all the clans of Somaliland after a long period marked by mutual
animosity. The clans of the ex-British Somaliland Protectorate shared their
territory and enjoyed a close cultural similarity. After independence and union
with Italian Somalia in 1960, an ethnic related enmity was introduced between
them. The Siad Barre military regime pitted the Somaliland clans against each
other. The Somali National Movement (SNM), which was created in response to his
heavy handedness, ousted the occupying army of Siad Barre from Somaliland back
to Somalia. On 18 May, 1991 an all inclusive Somalilander clan elders’
conference signed a peace accord in Burao town. They re-founded their formerly
shared sovereign state of Somaliland.
Only a day before 18 May, there was almost no hope that
the different Somaliland clans would ever after co-exist in peace. Tensions
were so high, there was high probability that an intractable ethnic war would
start. As Somali clans live side by side in most instances, such an all
engulfing war would have spread like wild fire in all over the Horn region
unless a stopping mechanism was invented in time.
Siad Barre had already fled Somalia back in January, and
his defeated army had mostly taken refuge in the neighboring Puntland region of
Somalia and among their respective clans. The victorious SNM fighters, who were
then boiling with rage, were determined to pursue the villains and get them
where ever they hid to avenge their dead.
The Somalilander elders fortuitously seized the
opportunity and decided to re-install the one thing that had formerly held all
Somaliland clans together: The former sovereign state of Somaliland. When on 18
May, 1991, the all inclusive clan elders Burao peace conference proclaimed the
independence of the Republic of Somaliland, it was followed by a general
amnesty for all clans with immediate effect.
Tensions subsided on the spot. Nothing less could have saved the day.
The elders made a solemn declaration to cut Somaliland off Somalia and not to
renege on the peace accord.
If such a serious decision was not made, the SNM, by then
the only organized war machine, would have continued its war against the Siad
Barre supporters anywhere in the Somali inhabited territories in the Horn. The
war could have spread beyond Somaliland and Somalia to the neighboring
countries of Kenya, Ethiopia and Djibouti.
Contrary to all expectations, the SNM heeded the decision
of the elders to cut off Somaliland from Somalia and agreed to demobilize itself.
It handed back the reins of power to the traditional all-inclusive elders’
council. This event has become unprecedented anywhere in Africa, where
victorious liberation movements always clung to power causing more serious
problems than they set out to solve.
A democratically elected government replaced a two ear
(1991-1993) transitory government at the subsequent Borama Peace Conference in
1993. The latter conference completed the Somalilandization process of
Somaliland. It created a non-tribal microcosm Somaliland state legally boxed in
the formerly internationally recognized boundaries of the Somaliland British
Protectorate.
By design or by default, the Borama conference elected
Hon Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal, a veteran politician as head of state. Mr. Egal
happened to be the former leader of the sovereign state of Somaliland before
its union with Somalia in 1960. Almost all the clans recognized him as a
national leader who could sail them through the crucial period of clans
re-adjustment to each other after a long period of hostility. He was a living
symbol of a formerly shared Somaliland. Mr. Egal’s election symbolized the days
before the union with Somalia when all clans of Somaliland lived in peace with
each other.
18 May has proved to be a win-win event and should be
equally celebrated by all Somalilanders. Despite some outstanding differences
here and there between the people of Somaliland in some regions, 18 May, 1991
should be remembered as the day that has saved everyone from a destructive war.
May 18th signifies the importance of resolving local differences by dialogue
not by war. Most of all, it dictates that commonly owned matters should be
protected in common from all outsiders even if they are blood relations, lest
we all go down the drain. Peaceful co-existence pays off.
Ahmed Abdi Daar
(ahmed.daar@gmail.com)
London, UK
15.05-2013
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